SÍ, SERÁN 26 MILLONES DE HISPÁNICUS + -- ; RADIO FUTURA HABLABA DE ""37 GRADOS,...Y UN MONTÓN DE HUESOS,....ETC,...."". QUIÉNES TANDRÁN FUTURO,.....COMO SIGA LAS COSAS ASÍN,....PÓP NOS BUSCAREMOS LA CUEVA ALARGÁ,....YA LO HE DICHO VARIAS VECES Y A LAS GENTES DE P.PODEMOS EXTERIOR,.....CON SALVA E.H. AL FRENTE,.....Y PRIMER INFORMADO POR MÍ,......¡¡¡¡¡.
SI LO EXTRAPOLAMOS A NIVEL GLOBAL-PLANETARIO,....ELIMINARÍAN ENTRE ÉSTOS Y SUS AMIGUETES FASCI-NAZISTAS A UNOS 4.125 MILLONES DE PERSONAS,.....QUEDARÍAN UNAS 3.400 MILLONES,....¡¡¡¡...
Imágenes de GENERAL DE LOS 26 MILLONES DE ESPAÑOLES A FUSILAR
Resultados web
NO ES SUFICIENTE,....ELIMINARÍAN A UNOS MIL MILLONES MÁS,.....AHORA EN ¿¿ CUANTOS AÑOS,......10-20-,...????¡¡¡¡¡.
Santiago Abascal Conde
Y LA VERDAD SEA DICHA,.....Y SIN NINGUNA PIZCA DE ORGANIZACIÓN PROLET-POP. DE LAS FUERZAS MULTIPOPULARES, NI LOCALES, NI CONTINENTALES, NI UNIVERSALES,.....QUE DESGRACIA,.....NOS HAN COGIDO EN PELOTAS,......NOS HA COGIDO EL TORO, NUNCA MEJOR DICHO,.......Y EN LA TIERRA HISPÁNICUS DE LA PIEL DE TORO,.....IRONÍA DE LA VIDA SOCIAL, NÁMÁ,.......¡¡¡¡¡. Isabel Díaz Ayuso
EL SANTI ABASCAL,....DEL P. VOXCOVID-19IMPERIALCAPIT, QUIÉN LO HUBIERA PENSADO-QUIÉN LO DIRÍA,.....ASESINO DE MÁS DE LA MITAD DE LA POBLACIÓN HUMANA,.....¡¡¡, HISPÁNICUS,......¡¡¡¡ ESTOS SON LOS DEFENSORES DE LOS ESPAÑOLES, DE LA ESPAÑA BÁSICA, LEGENDARIA DEL CID CAMPEADOR, DE LOS REYES CATÓLICOS Y LAS CONQUISTAS DE CRISTOBAL COLÓN,....ETC,......Y SEGUIDOR Y PROMOCIONADOR DE DESARROLLAR EL GOLPE DE ESTADO MULITAR,.....LA DESTRUCCIÓN DE MEDIA ESPAÑA, CIUDADES, FÁBRICAS, PUENTES, CARRETERAS Y MILLONES DE PERSONAS,......VIOLACIONES HACIA MUJERES, SAQUEOS A LAS POBLACIONES, CASI SIN RUBOR ALGUNO E INDISCRIMINADAMENTE CUASI-CUASI,.....¡¡¡¡¡. 26 MILLONES DE HISPÁNICUS,......HAY QUE FUSILARLOS YA,.....Y SOLO CREEN EN LA DEMOCRACIA ORGÁNICA QUE IMPUSO FRANCISCO FRANCO, LA DICTADURA,.....LA DEMOCRACIA ORGÁNICA,......DEL FACISMO-NAZISMO,......SOLO QUIEREN EL PODER ESTATAL,....CUESTE LO QUE CUESTE,.......CÓMO HA ADQUIRIDO ESTE HOMBRE ESA IDEOLOGIÍA,.....SE PODRÍA PENSAR EN QUE ES POR CULPA DE LAS SECUALES QUE LE HA DEJADO LAS ACCIONES DE LA ETA,....CON SU FAMILIA, CON ÉL Y EN GENERAL,.....Y SE LO TOMA TODO A VENGANZA CONTRA LOS SOCIAL-COMUNISTAS GOBERNANTES, LOS UNIPODSOEISTAS,.....Y APARECEN NUEVOS APOYOS EN LA VIRREYNA DE MADRID, ISA AYUSO,.....P. CASADO,.....ETC,......Y EL ALMEYDA,......-- José Luis Martínez-Almeida Navasqüés
JUNTO A LAS POSICIONES PASIVAS Y DESMOVILIZADORAS DEL UNIPODSOEISTAS GUBERNAMENTALES,.....YA QUE AL FINAL,.....POR LO QUE SE PUEDA PRESENTA DE LUCHA DE CLASES Y GUERRA MUNDIAL IMTERIMPERIALISTA,......SE PONDRÍA EL PROGRE GOBI,.....AL SERVICIO DEL TRIFACHITO-GOBIERNO CÍVICO-POLIC.NAC.-MILICOS-GG.CCIVILES-JUDICATURA,...ETC,...FEDERACIONES DE CAZA, CON MÁS DE 2 MILLONES DE ARMAS,...UN MILLÓN DE LICENCIAS, LOS AGRO-GANADEROS, ÓRDENES MILITARES,....LOS SOMATENES,...Y EL APARATO POLIC-MILITAR,...ETC,... DE LA MONARQUÍA BORBÓNICA,...¡¡¡¡. lukydemálaga.
file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/EXISTENCE.pdf ( EXISTENCIA )
INTRODUCCIÓN-RESUMEN ¡¡ :
13.000 palabras (20 páginas). RESUMEN Este es un ensayo diseñado para investigar cómo los humanos piensan y hablan sobre la realidad (o lo que existe). Está motivado por la confusión actual sobre la enfermedad, supuestamente producida por virus que pueden o no producir síntomas en los "infectados" con el virus Covid-19. Este análisis muestra que la mayoría de la gente creerá lo que sea que se origine con los expertos médicos y aceptará medidas políticas draconianas que están destruyendo sociedades en todo el mundo. Este ensayo investiga la naturaleza del conocimiento sobre el mundo que se refleja tanto en el sentido común como en la ciencia. Esto mostrará que la gente es mucho más sugestionable de lo que se pensaba, especialmente cuando la información se propaga visualmente por la televisión y por autoridades poderosas, especialmente cuando desencadena el miedo casi universal a la MUERTE personal.
1.0 RESUMEN A la mayoría de los adultos modernos les gusta pensar que ven el mundo usando solo la racionalidad, pero pronto se vuelve obvio que la mayor parte del pensamiento más profundo se basa solo en la CREENCIA con un esfuerzo mínimo para justificar estas ideas con evidencia objetiva. Estas ideas más profundas son mezclas personales de "hechos" comúnmente aceptados, pensamiento religioso y, a veces, un poco de ciencia. La siguiente lista de sustantivos en inglés ilustra la amplia variedad en la aceptación de su realidad:
UNICORNIOS, FANTASMAS, DIABLOS, ÁNGELES, PULGAS, CHINCHES, ÁTOMOS, ELECTRONES, FOTONES. Los términos posteriores (de átomos a fotones) son conceptos científicos modernos que incluso los científicos no están de acuerdo sobre la naturaleza de su verdadera realidad. Sin embargo, los primeros han tenido un historial accidentado de aceptabilidad. Pocos modernos creerían ya que los unicornios son reales, pero hace solo unos pocos cientos de años, la mayoría habría aceptado su realidad "en alguna parte". Los fantasmas han tenido una larga historia de aceptación por parte de muchas personas y todavía son considerados reales por muchos, aunque no pueden señalar ninguna evidencia firme. Los demonios y los ángeles todavía son vistos como igualmente reales por muchas personas de fe religiosa, y algunos aceptan el exorcismo por expulsarlos de un individuo 'poseído'. Los ángeles no se ven tan a menudo en estos días, pero la mayoría de los cristianos aún los aceptarían como reales. A pesar de que hoy en día pocos están malditos con chinches o pulgas, la mayoría estaría de acuerdo con los médicos y zoólogos en que son criaturas reales, aunque pocos han visto uno en un entorno desinfectado moderno. Este ensayo muestra que nuestro pensamiento confuso sobre la realidad está directamente relacionado tanto con el lenguaje como con la imaginación. Trágicamente, los Maestros del Lenguaje (conocidos como filósofos) han hecho un esfuerzo muy débil a lo largo de los siglos, ya que este estilo de pensamiento fue lanzado en griego antiguo y perpetuado por las universidades. Como científico y filósofo natural, formado durante toda una vida en el respeto de la evidencia de las decisiones y la acción, estoy profundamente decepcionado.
SITIO WEB DEL REVISOR Todos los ensayos anteriores del revisor (a los que se hace referencia en este documento) se pueden encontrar en: https://jamescook.academia.edu/HerbSpencer 2 2,...////......
ÚLTIMA PARTE :
9.3 ¿QUIÉN SE BENEFICIA? Dado que los impactos negativos de esta "enfermedad" exagerada son tan abrumadores, debe verse como algo cercano al criminal. Como tal, es apropiado hacer la pregunta embarazosa (detective): ¿Quién se beneficia? Se ha pensado poco en restaurar las economías bloqueadas que normalmente han tardado muchos años en crecer en todo el mundo. Acuso a los tecnócratas que se han apoderado de la mayoría de las naciones. La mayoría de estas personas han obtenido una educación universitaria y creen que son las élites adecuadas del mundo: tienen certificados que lo demuestran y altos salarios para protegerse de los estragos de las amenazas a la supervivencia personal. Casi nunca estos conversadores han construido un negocio real desde cero; están completamente desvinculados de la economía y del mundo real. 20 20
9.3.1 SOBREPOBLACIÓN Muchos miembros de la élite están convencidos de que la mayoría de los problemas que enfrenta la tierra hoy en día se pueden atribuir a demasiadas personas, especialmente a los pobres, que siguen teniendo demasiados hijos, en lugares distantes del planeta como África, Asia y América del Sur. Si las economías de estas regiones son destruidas por la reducción de la actividad económica y el turismo de los países ricos, entonces sus poblaciones deben retroceder ante el flagelo más antiguo de la humanidad: el hambre. Mientras tanto, los ultrarricos pueden seguir aumentando su capital a partir de una reducción global de los costos de nómina, la informatización y la caída del precio de los productos necesarios.
9.4 EXPECTATIVAS Las tendencias a largo plazo de la modernidad han sido secuestradas por los tecnócratas y la meritocracia; cuando se combinan con el poder económico de los plutócratas multimillonarios, forman una fuerza política formidable en todo el mundo. Como tal, espero que salgan victoriosos y lleven al capitalismo global al borde de una catástrofe generalizada. A pesar de las ingenuas esperanzas de muchos, no espero ningún regreso al mundo de 2018; la llamada "normalidad".
9.5 EPÍLOGO Lamentablemente, la credulidad de un gran número de personas expuestas aquí significa que el mundo ha dado un giro peligroso para peor. Como especie animal, hemos priorizado el habla sobre los mensajes sensoriales directos que todos los animales deben respetar para mantenerse con vida. Los mensajes casi universales de miedo a la muerte, avivados por los medios de televisión, repitiendo las falsedades de la profesión médica interesada, han persuadido a la mayoría de las personas a cumplir con las vacías "Medidas de salud" (como máscaras y distanciamiento social) que refuerzan la creencia en la necesidad de destruir la economía mientras se esperan las falsas esperanzas de una vacuna de salvación prometida por las engañosas compañías farmacéuticas., ...))) ....
.............................................................. ...........................................................:
EXISTENCE © H. J. Spencer [07Dec.2020]
13,000 words (20 pages). ABSTRACT This is an essay designed to investigate how humans think and talk about Reality (or what Exists). It is motivated by the present confusion about disease, supposedly produced by viruses that may or may not produce symptoms in those "infected" with the Covid-19 virus. This analysis shows that most people will believe whatever originates with medical experts and will accept Draconian political measures that are destroying societies all around the world. This essay investigates the nature of knowledge about the world that is reflected in both Common Sense and in Science. This will show that people are much more suggestible than was once thought, especially when information is propagated visually by television and by powerful authorities, especially when it triggers the almost-universal fear of personal DEATH. 1.0 SUMMARY Most modern adults like to think that they view the world using only rationality but it soon becomes obvious that most of the deeper thinking is based only on BELIEF with minimal effort to justify these ideas with objective evidence. These deepest ideas are personal blends of commonly accepted 'facts', religious thinking and, sometimes, a little science. The following list of English nouns illustrate the wide variety in acceptance of their reality: UNICORNS, GHOSTS, DEVILS, ANGELS, FLEAS, BED-BUGS, ATOMS, ELECTRONS, PHOTONS. The later terms (from atoms to photons) are modern scientific concepts that even scientists disagree on the nature of their true reality. However, the earlier ones have had a checkered history of acceptability. Few moderns would any longer believe that unicorns are real but only a few hundred years ago, most would have accepted their reality 'somewhere'. Ghosts have had a long history of acceptance by many people and are still considered real by many, even though they cannot point to any firm evidence. Devils and Angels are still viewed as equally real by many people of religious faith, with some accepting Exorcism for casting them out of a 'possessed' individual. Angels are not seen so often these days but most Christians would still accept them as real. Even though today few are cursed with bed-bugs or fleas, most would agree with doctors and zoologists that they are real creatures though few have even seen one in modern sanitized surroundings. This essay shows that our confused thinking about reality are directly related to both Language and Imagination. Tragically, the Masters of Language (known as philosophers) have done a very weak effort over the centuries, since this style of thinking was launched in ancient Greek and perpetuated by the universities. As a scientist and Natural philosopher, trained by a lifetime in respecting evidence for decisions and action, I am deeply disappointed. REVIEWER'S WEBSITE All of the reviewer's prior essays (referenced herein) may be found at: https://jamescook.academia.edu/HerbSpencer 2 2
1.1. OBJECTIVE This essay has been written to discuss how human societies readily believe propositions about reality without sufficient evidence. Mass media, especially TV, provide minimal reporting that becomes the basis for widespread acceptance by the general population. Further conversations, again without any evidence, reinforce these beliefs until they become "general knowledge". All this gets even more bizarre when the media becomes obsessed with the topic (as they often do). Observable behaviors, like wearing masks, becomes fashionable in most societies, where the majority just want to "fit in". Societies, like any individual, can become schizophrenic, leading to madness and ultimately to suicide. Opinion tolerance is a sign of mental health. This is a second attempt; earlier this topic was touched on in the essay entitled Metaphysics, whose title probably discouraged many from even opening it, as it was a little too esoteric and philosophical. The present essay extends this investigation, putting it into a broader historical framework that illustrates how powerful groups have exploited this broad naïveté, found even amongst well-educated adults. The focus here is on the key idea of EXISTENCE as the foundation of all reality; sadly this basic idea has long been ignored since it was once a vital subject of discussion by the smartest Ancient Greeks. Only a few philosophers since have touched briefly on it but it has generally been ignored - probably because it is both a difficult and a sensitive topic. 2.0 EXISTENCE and REALITY 2.1 DEFINITION Webster’s defines EXISTENCE as actual BEING or having REALITY; especially the continuance of being. Interestingly, they also equate being with life and living but Dr. Johnston's kicking a stone to prove its existence was sufficient to demonstrate its existence but few would credit a stone as being 'alive'. However, Webster’s also defines REALITY as the fact of being real or true to life, referring back to its definition of REAL as existing or happening, not merely opinion, imagined, pretended or fictitious. Most regular folk might say that REALITY is the totality of real THINGs, each viewed as a distinguishable, individual natural object or entity, while OBJECT is defined as a thing that can be seen or touched and entity is defined as anything real, in itself. Once again, these useless definitions illustrate the minimal value of dictionaries in helping people understand the world - especially at the deepest conceptual levels. Wikipedia completes the circularity of this definition of existence to the point of meaningless: "the ability of an entity to interact with physical or mental reality"; in other words, anything we can touch or think about. Wiki contradicts itself (in its elaboration on Reality) by excluding any idea that is only imaginary. "The Oxford Companion to Philosophy" demonstrates how much modern philosophers are scared of tackling this area (technically called Ontology) as they only offer 400 words on the nature of existence but almost 5,000 on Epistemology or human knowledge. This pathetic effort by the 'Masters of Words' will be revisited later (§4.2) to confirm what a weak performance they have made in this foundational area of thinking. 3.0 CULTURE People in each society must communicate with each other. This implies not just knowing the same language but anticipating how most will react when we need to co-operate. This also means we need to know how they too think about the world around us. These are actually metaphysical assumptions that are learned implicitly (and only rarely explicitly, by a few studying philosophy). These assumptions are actually embedded in the very structure and vocabulary of our languages. This need leads to social pressures to widely agree on meanings. 3 3 3.1 LANGUAGE In particular, almost all the languages in the Western world derive directly from Ancient Greece and Rome. Specifically, the famous Greek philosopher Plato and his student Aristotle have defined the Rules of Our Game; Rome added bureaucracy and militaristic imperialism (an effective form of gangsterism, based on violence). This moved explicitly into religion with the triumph of Christianity over the Roman Empire. Even with the Collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, these ideas persisted in Europe and became dominant in most societies; they certainly led to the Rise of Science, first in universities, then wider society. Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur. A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The Indo-European family is the most widely spoken and includes languages such as English, Russian and Hindi. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. 3.2 IDEAS Critical to clear thinking is to use words with unambiguous meaning. This is one of the major justifications of philosophy but not always observed (even by some professionals). A classic ontological need is to distinguish the important differences between real existents (detectable by all humans with normal senses) and their mental referents mapped into our brains (ideas). These distinctions seem to be processed differently in the two brain hemispheres, with words mainly processed in the Left Hemisphere (LH) and images mainly in the Right Hemisphere (RH). [This is covered extensively in Split-Brains]. The RH is better integrated with the body and sends messages to the LH; this is called Embodied Thinking [covered in Radical Thinking]. This helps build a bridge to our visual and muscular metaphors that dominate our existing thinking. Further, the fallacy of confusing abstractions with concrete examples, generates much of our sloppy thinking. Too often the “Masters of Words” (i.e. philosophers) will use the same word (e.g. ‘thing’; ‘entity’) for these two distinct aspects of human experience, while Whitehead defines an entity as that which actually exists or IS. [I add the constraint that the existence of an entity does not require the existence of another entity to distinguish ‘relationships’ from ‘entities’. Compare this with Aristotle’s timeless ‘substance’ as: “that which exists by itself”.] 4.0 BELIEF HISTORY 4.1 RELIGION It was also in the 19th Century that the 'war' between Religion and Science came to a head. In fact, it was the philosophers, who had wished to replace the priests in their powerful influence on the public, ever since the first Greek thinkers traveled to Egypt and saw the power that country's priests held over both the public and the ruling aristocracy. Now, science (as Natural Philosophy) became the spear to thrust at fractured Christianity in Europe. Scientists were claiming the triumph of the industrial revolution, even though that had been driven by the merger of businessmen and practical engineers. It was the publication of "The Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin in 1859 that cracked the confidence of the professional theologians and church leaders, even though Darwin only suggested a natural method, not man, for Nature to evolve breeds (variety), not any species, and had no mechanism until genetics was discovered about a hundred years later, with the discovery of DNA [see my Evolution essay]. However, this was the launch of the new science of biology that had been frozen ever since Aristotle; recently it has over-taken physics as the most revolutionary science, attracting imaginative students. 4.1.1 NEW STONE AGE It was about 3,000 BC when primitive man's use of tools took on a dramatic expansion: stone tools allowed complex structures to be built while the first metal technologies (copper and brass) appeared. Even before the first cities began, groups in Europe were burying their dead in impressive tombs (or barrows). 4 4 This was a primitive form of ancestor worship that was evolved into early religion by the priests known as druids; these were intellectuals who could create plausible stories, linking the dead to the living. Such stories were very attractive to these people, who were the only animal to anticipate their own personal death: a fearful prospect. 4.1.2 ANCIENT EGYPT Archeology has shown that the first civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt, combined a hereditary monarchy (pharaohs) with a priestly caste, who persuaded the large numbers of peasants and workers to construct giant tombs for their dying leader to ensure the success of the society. Again, complex death myths were created that were believed by the majority as they introduced magical ideas such as the immortality of a person's soul that was never seen. Some old cultures anticipated personality-recycling through reincarnation of unique souls. 4.2 PHILOSOPHY The key idea of entity is used to convey the notion of something whose existence does not depend on the existence of anything else (i.e. unconditional existence). It is sometimes used to denote abstractions or activities but these broader uses lead to confusion and will be avoided here. A collection of entities that all share the same set of properties is used to illustrate the generic concept of the entity-class or to define a universal by examples; this is the origin of common nouns; e.g. 'dog'. The idealist philosophers bedazzled themselves with their power of verbal conceptualization, using the techniques of generalization and abstraction. Most people build personal conceptions (collections of experiences and images). Everyone could see the parallels between all dogs (for example) and agreed that dogs were real, so when they agreed that many real objects shared a common property, such as the color ‘red’ then the fact of the word ‘redness’ must confirm there was a deeper reality underlying this shared idea. Abstractions (like beauty, justice) failed to offer real examples, so their verbal definitions remained vague and prickly but have still persisted for many centuries. As philosophers wish to talk about these topics, they must first speak to one another, before writing their conclusions as they hope to persuade others in the future, who will not exist until after they themselves have ceased to exist materially (i.e. died); this is the magic of books, transcending space and time. The purpose of language is assisting social message exchanges. 4.2.1 THE GREEKS Several Greek intellectuals about 2500 years ago started thinking systematically about the real nature of the world. These were the first steps in a long development path that has played a central role throughout all of western civilization, particularly in eventually creating those human activities today known as Science. 4.2.1.1 PRE-SOCRATICS The earliest Greek philosophers (self-styled ‘lovers of wisdom’) were unimpressed by the enormous amount of practical knowledge and common sense displayed by skilled artisans, farmers and the common people. These aristocratic intellectuals wanted a more abstract, unchanging approach based on timeless words not corruptible things; speculation: not practical expertise and general principles: not specific rules-of-thumb. Two of the more famous principles were “no thing is more fundamental than existence” and “some thing cannot arise from no thing.” These early thinkers focused on metaphysical subjects (like THINGS) as they believed that below all the obvious variety of our shared experience, there were only a few fundamental elements of all matter; they decided that only four substances were special: earth, air, water and fire – this simplistic verbal theory was believed for over 2000 years by the educated populace, across all of Europe. As matter appeared to fill all its space, whatever its form, it was universally agreed that all matter was continuous (‘nature hates a vacuum’). It was not long before a challenger (Democritus) surfaced and proposed that matter was discontinuous, only existing as distinct, discrete atoms with nothing but empty space around them (‘vacuum exists’). The vacuum itself was still considered by many to be a special substance: the aether. 5 5 Most Ancients viewed this mechanical theory as thoroughly materialist and dangerously atheistic (having no purpose and no Prime Mover) and mathematically wrong and equally dangerous, as it threatened their sacred geometry (their most prized ‘discovery’). The Stoics were a more influential group of philosophers also appearing before Socrates and their contribution to metaphysics was the belief that everything in the world had a prior cause. This theory (known as Determinism) has obsessed many philosophers since and still plays a role today when people search for a cause behind any event that puzzles them. It is believed by analogy with humans, not hard evidence. One of the most challenging was the poet, Heraclitus who readily accepted change and paradox: two ideas that were rejected by most of the idealistic philosophers, such as Pythagoras, Socrates and Plato and still rejected by most modern academics, with their deep commitment to preserving the Past. 4.2.1.1 IDEALISTS Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) is widely seen as the first great Greek philosopher, living through Athens' golden age. He was not impressed with his predecessors, believing that their thinking made little difference to the lives of ordinary people, so he focused on human behavior: how we ought to live? - now known as moral philosophy. This led him to attempt to deliver answers (definitions?) of such abstract ideas as courage, justice, etc. These abstractions were too difficult to clarify but his questioning annoyed the city's rulers, who sentenced him to death for "corrupting the young". This fascination with abstraction was taken up by Socrates' best known follower, Plato (424-327 BC), who described his teacher conducting several of his dialogues. Plato was convinced that only changeless abstractions had any reality (he called them "Forms"); generations of later philosophers have accepted these esoteric ideas as more real than the food they must eat. Plato also emphasized the role of mathematics in his school (called the "Academy"), as it provided an example of ‘pure thinking’. Plato even represented the four basic Greek elements with certain symmetrical 3D mathematical shapes such as the cube, tetrahedron, octahedron and icosahedron. Fortunately, Plato's own student Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) was more grounded in reality, studying animal life for the new science of biology. Aristotle accepted Plato’s Forms as a foundational concept of reality but contrasted this with the reality of matter, which he viewed as some kind of continuous ‘stuff’. This also meant that there was no reason to propose a hidden world (like Plato), so Aristotle accepted the observed world of the senses as the real world [see §4.2.2.2]; this then implied that there were no ideas in the intellect that were not first given through the senses. Nonetheless, Aristotle constructed his basic ideas around the difficult idea of substance, something that is the bearer of real, detectable properties but is not a property of anything else. Old Greek philosophy was based on the two inter-related foundational ideas of Things and their Existence occurring fully independently of human apprehension and attitude. The Western philosophical tradition itself is a record of debate rather than consensus: philosophers are the most argumentative of intellectuals. 4.2.1.2 SKEPTICS Socrates said that the only thing he knew was that he did not know anything but he did believe that knowledge was possible. The first real skeptic was Pyrro (c. 365-270 BC) whose followers were part of the movement known as Pyrronism. Pyrro was a soldier with Alexander and was impressed with the diversity of opinions (often opposites) exposed on their multinational, military campaigns. This suggested to him that theoretical explanations of common observations were the root of the problem. His student, Timon pointed out that every argument or proof depended on unprovable premises or assumptions. At one point, the Pyrronists even took over Plato's Academy for over 200 years. In spite of these strong arguments, philosophers continued to argue for the truth of their own viewpoints. I admit, I share David Hume's skeptical approach. The postmodernists claim to have rejected not just one thesis or another but rather the entire philosophical tradition since Plato. 6 6 4.2.2 THE MODERNS Bored with the endless argumentation of the Medieval Theologians (called scholastics), the new professional talkers (i.e. philosophers) after 1600 split into two rival schools that have persisted until today; they are the BigThree (Continental) Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who were in opposition to the three leading (British) Empiricists: Locke, Berkeley and Hume. 4.2.2.1 RATIONALISTS Mathematics continued to expand from the Greek foundations, as the concept of NUMBER expanded into negatives and irrationals. So, it no surprise to find that some competent mathematicians expanded their selfconfidence from mathematics into rational (verbal) philosophy, seeking similar proofs to geometry but only using words. The worst (and first) offender was René Descartes (1596-1650), who stole the idea of infinite decimal fractions and had the nerve to call them 'real' numbers [see my essay: NotReal,René]. He came up with the well-known slogan: "I think, therefore I am" - this is so full of intellectual arrogance [see my Cogito essay]. In reality, 'Des' was a crypto Jesuit theologian who remained afraid of the Inquisition all his life, while he sought Solid Certainty (a true sign of insanity); he never realized that the certainty of mathematics arose directly from its purely verbal definitions. Ultimately, his sense of certainty was based on the verbal implications of his imagination; he knew he was imperfect, so there must be a PERFECT being (really?). His mechanical physics appealed to the human sense of touch although Newton ignored this with his Far-Action theory of gravity. He also rejected his senses, because sometimes they offered optical illusions - although there are very few touch illusions; he never challenged his own faith in linear verbalisms (Reason). All of this imagination resulted in his theory of Dualism; two distinct substances: body and mind that has cursed humanity for ever. This reestablished Platonic singular "object" nonsense and justified the reification of Devils and Angels: a fundamental difference between subject (I) and object (You) dividing humanity into masters (thinkers) and slaves (working machines). He launched Western society down the scientific road where only shareable ("objective") knowledge was achievable, while presenting only an inhuman machine view of the 'clockwork' universe that spread despair and hopelessness through a brainwashed, European population. 4.2.2.2 EMPIRICISTS The British pride themselves on their Common Sense, so it was to be expected that they objected to the "Pure Thought" coming from France. In contrast to the Rationalists, they approached the world through the shared bodily sensory experiences; this approach has been labeled Empiricism by the historians of philosophy. These views emerged from the rubble of the English Civil War that was fought over many issues: some religious and some political; these issues persisted through the defeat of Absolutist King Charles I, the despotic rule of Oliver Cromwell, the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy with Charles II, the revolt against the last Catholic king, James II and the deal to set the Dutchman, William of Orange as a constitutional monarch. One of the victors was an amateur politician and philosopher, John Locke (1632-1704). He grounded his pragmatic thinking about thinking in whatever we were consciously aware of, with all our knowledge of the external world coming since our birth through our five senses. We notice similarities and differences between the sources of this information and begin organizing it in terms of separate objects or things. He disagreed with Plato in believing this process was intrinsic (shared by all humanity, remembered from prior existence); he saw our early mind as a 'blank slate' that directly recorded our experiences - this may be true for simple visual imagery but our verbal terms for all these 'objects' and 'properties' were gradually learned from our parents; part of a huge cultural reservoir. 4.2.2.3 VERBALISTS (Modern Philosophy) The 20th Century is the first occasion since the Middle Ages in which the leading philosophers were all academics; truly the return of the Scholastics as academics are experts in only two areas: excellent memories and the ability to talk. Tragically, they have been over-influenced by mathematics, with a focus on Analysis and Logic; the major difference now is that few philosophers are theologians: men obsessed with the God idea. 7 7 The first modern movement were the Positivists (or Vienna Circle) who hoped to rebuild philosophy on Science but had the floor taken away from them when science lost its way, in the nonsense of Quantum Mechanics, where no very small thing could be measured accurately and conceptual contradictions were acceptable, such as electrons being viewed as both equally particles (localized at one point) and waves (spread across all of space) at one moment of time. The analysis focus was applied to language, especially in philosophy departments in English-speaking Universities; they dismissed most old-style problems as confusions introduced by poor linguistics use. The larger problem is that only a few philosophers have acknowledged that meaning in language (semantics) is best understood in terms of human bodies [see my essay Too Radical]. 4.2.2.4 POSTMODERNISTS These old beliefs have persisted unchallenged until the development of the critical philosophy: postmodernism. The distinguishing characteristic of (continentalist) postmodernist theorizing is its total rejection of traditional philosophy and metaphysics; this resulted in a fundamentalist split in academic philosophy, across the world. 4.3 POLITICS Culture is deeply entwined with politics for two major reasons: history and individual beliefs. The first cities arose when each nomadic tribe, coming from a single language group and belief-system, established a permanent location within a shared defensive set of walls. This group of people were still led by the most successful warriors of the tribe, with usually one leader (king) establishing dynastic control [see Politics essay]. The warriors' belief in "Winning" through violent conflict often resulted in one city dominating several others and forming an empire; the conquered peoples were usually expected to accept the belief system of the 'Winners'. Trading grew with civilization but the traders were more interested in personal wealth than fame or power, so belief and value conflicts inevitably arose (and have persisted ever since). The British Empire is a recent example of this process of international robbery [and is described in my Britannia essay]. 5.0 SCIENCE In the popular image, scientists are dispassionate, objective searchers after truth. This view assumes that a scientist is someone whose pursuit of truth begins with independent discovery, proceeds to criticism by peers then onto publication and its use for the common good. A historian of science has described the dual roots of science: firstly, the technical tradition, in which practical experiences and skills were passed from one generation to the next (using watch and copy); secondly, the religious tradition, in which aspirations and ideas were passed on verbally (spoken and written) to acolytes with good memories. The technical tradition results in useful ways to manipulate the material world. The religious tradition is the basis for the claim that science can explain Nature in 'objective' terms; so we have facts (that can be replicated by all) and theories. Science exploded in 1600, after Galileo married the 'science' of mathematics to the acts of measuring phenomenon, where activity can be reduced to numerical descriptions that are compared to numbers calculated by mathematical theories (mainly physics) to confirm the accuracy of the theory. New theories are imagined hypotheses (just guesses) about how the world might work. This view of science is more of a modern myth, invented by statistician, Karl Pearson in 1896, who is no longer revered as he was also a notorious racist eugenicist. Later historians have pointed out that this was not the method of famous scientists, like Copernicus, Newton or Charles Darwin. This theory of scientific theories failed also to anticipate the modern efforts of scientists today, who expend huge efforts writing grant proposals, courting corporate donors and government bureaucrats, as well as trying to get their research published in reputable journals, where future citations can objectively justify their career promotions. By the 1960s, military programs employed nearly one third of all scientists and engineers in the U.S.A. By 1981, some 80% of all U.S. funds for research and development were being provided (directly or indirectly) by the military or by two military Front-Agencies: the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). None-the-less, scientists remain today the epitome of society's objective experts; their opinions are treated like oracular truths. 8 8 Modern science relies on both experiments and theories to interpret the experimental measurements. These not only rely on numbers but concepts that are too abstract for the non-expert. At the base of every science is a set of metaphysical ideas (concepts) that cannot be related to our sensory inputs but are always assumed to exhibit material existence i.e. things that exist. This was adequate in earlier times when the foundational abstractions were either religious or too technical to be generally relevant to the wider populace: now we have a problem. 5.1 PHYSICS From its first days, Greek philosophy was interested in the nature of reality; they called this study 'physics'. So, physics and philosophy have been 'tied at the hip' from the beginning; this continued until the middle of the 20th century when the divorce became official - philosophers were not welcome in the Temples of Physics. Physics ideas (e.g. 'Big Bang') influence modern society more than philosophy. Modern physics has been built on the earlier mathematical advances of Isaac Newton and vastly expanded by the French mathematicians, Laplace and LaGrange. Since mathematicians have built their careers on equations and geometry, much of their advances in cosmology were incomprehensible to most others, who just had to accept the conclusions of these specialists. 5.1.1 MATERIALISM The fact that most scientists today are materialists (only matter exists) is more a result of educational orthodoxy than the independent conclusions of thousands of professionals, who have thought widely and deeply on these issues. In fact, today’s PhD training is now so specialized that most members of the same profession simply accept most of their own ‘knowledge base’ on faith, as they do not have the time (nor often the inclination) to verify this information themselves, nor its own history. The power of physics to influence many people is based on the intuitive appeal of the materialist view based on the universal senses of touch and vision. The chasm of misunderstanding appears when scientists leap from shareable observations to theories using difficult concepts. 5.1.1.1 OBJECTS The human analogy has been explicitly extended by physicists since Newton adopted the atomic hypothesis [§4.2.1.1], when he offered a theory of mechanical dynamics based on his Particle concept that was a microscopic version of billiard balls: a new aristocratic game that had become popular [see Billiards essay]. This idea was so flexible that it could span the size-range from planets to atoms; both examples of matter that needed sophisticated instruments to be observed. However, Newton uncovered a 'worm' in his Apple theory: his model of the planets could not be extended to three interacting objects, when the mathematics became really unsolvable: a still unsolved problem (known as the Three-Body Problem) that even many physicists are unaware of and the few that do know, rarely talk about (see my Least Action review). This problem has reappeared in the modern theory of the very small, known as Quantum Mechanics that has been stalled since its earliest days by its failure to go beyond the simplest hydrogen atom (a two-body model of one electron and one nucleus) to even the next simple helium atom with two electrons. Other elements have from 3 to 92 electrons. 5.1.1.2 ACTIVITY There had been many years when several aspects of the material world had long remained a mystery that were addressed in 19th Century physics; these were the phenomena of Magnetism and Heat. Magnets had been discovered by the Chinese and used to make primitive compasses for naval navigation far from land. Mysteriously, magnets could repel or attract one another without even touching (an example of Newton's FarAction idea). Fortunately, the voltaic (chemical) battery had been invented around 1800 that provided a steady electric current that could be investigated (prior to that, only killing lightning was seen as an example of electricity). Several European scientists (Oersted, Ampere and Faraday) could investigate this new phenomena and discovered that magnetism was related to flowing electricity that could break up chemicals and generate heat and mechanical movement. Other experimenters measured how much heat was released when canons were being ground, an example of mechanical energy or work (with its own mathematical physics definition). 9 9 This naturally led to quantitative questions about the degree of human awareness of hot and cold (i.e. temperature) and how it was connected to the "quantity" of heat, viewed as energy. These scientific studies were occurring as engineers were also inventing heat (steam) engines to do useful work, like pumping water out of coal mines and then to make steam-powered transportation devices ("engines") for rail-cars and ships [see my Techno essay]. This led to the new science of Thermo-Dynamics (the study of heat and energy) as engineers wanted to improve the efficiency of their coal-fired steam engines (less coal, more work). It was another genius, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) who created imaginary models of both phenomena that became the triumph of mathematical physics when he was able to solve the resulting mathematics. His trick was also to adopt Newton's particle model for gases and create statistical averages (Statistical Mechanics) that could be measured experimentally with good agreement. Maxwell also created a model of magnetism assuming there was a universal aether whose fluctuations appeared as electric and magnetic forces; this was the revival of another Old Greek idea that had preceded the atomic model [see §4.2.1.1]. Maxwell's new mathematics was widely admired by a few top mathematicians at Cambridge University, especially by those at Newton's own college, Trinity and this led them to be adopted as the orthodox model in physics. Unfortunately, another Trinity professor, J. J. Thomson was studying electricity flowing through gases and discovered the real basis of electricity: tiny particles of electricity that were later called electrons. These were destined to become the revolutionary basis of the Electronics industry. The aether disappeared when Einstein invented his Relativity Theory and found he did not need that concept; ironically he was motivated to save Maxwell's Mathematics. The tragedy of this century of magnificent advances in physics was that not only were physicists in disagreement about its meaning but physics had left most other scientists (and philosophers) behind with too much mathematics and bizarre guesses (hypotheses); the only conclusion that most agreed on was that the world was made of vast numbers of tiny objects (atoms and molecules) whose interactions were too complex to be predicted by mathematics except for statistical averages. 5.1.2 MATHEMATICS 5.1.2.1 ARITHMETIC As well as initiating the study of abstract general verbal ideas, resulting in philosophy, the Old Greeks also formalized the collective study of quantity, often simplified to the idea of Number. This study split into two major areas, reflecting our senses of vision and touch. These were called the sciences of geometry and arithmetic that remained distinct for 2000 years, as we will discuss in a moment. 5.1.2.1.1 SMALL versus BIG The idea of number arose with the earliest civilizations when pastoralists realized they did not want others to take some of their animals; the trick was to count them each day (using a stone to represent each animal) and compare the daily results, now called Integers or whole/countable numbers. Traders extended these tricks to all kinds of valuable objects, as the oldest records (clay tablets) confirm. The Greeks codified these Counting Rules that are still taught to new generations thereafter. However, this is an empirical activity as the rules only apply when applied to certain types of objects (discrete, stable, identifiable, sizable, etc.). Thus, the prototypical rational ‘Law’ such as “one plus one equals two” is only valid sometimes, like with pebbles. In fact, the only real property being ‘counted’ is the existence of each object involved. When the ‘short-cut’ of multiplication was invented, then the mathematicians found that certain integers had a rare property of being a ‘prime’ number; but pragmatically most only need small numbers [see Big Numbers essay]. 5.1.2.2 GEOMETRY 5.1.2.2.1 SHAPES This is another activity that can be traced back to ancient civilizations that was adopted by the Classic Greeks. Pythagoras is again credited with the invention of this prototypical ‘science’ – the relationships between simple shapes, such as triangles, circles etc. idealized from human activity (originally drawn in smooth sand). 10 10 This was the earliest example of rationality (deductive thinking) that was codified in to a coherent knowledgesystem as the second best-seller in history: Euclid’s ‘Elements’. Regrettably, this ‘logical’ science was built on an intellectual sleight-of-hand: an implicit appeal to public intuition. Although Euclid claimed that he was starting from ‘obvious’ verbal definitions, like a triangle is a three-sided figure (while appealing to our common prior exposure to such figures) but given credibility through mechanical ‘constructions’ using human tools such as ruler, compass, etc. Modern introductions to Geometry (e.g. by H. R. Jacobs) admit it and do not waste much time on this but simply treat such geometric ideas as lines and points as “undefined terms”. These are the foundational parts of the Geometry-Game that are supplemented by transformation rules whose variants imply different geometries. The true benefit of these small graphical figures is that they can be grasped in a single glance, as vision is our most powerful sense that can distinguish (and remember) many features spread across a limited range of space. The next step is to assume some relationships between these objects, such as a line is defined the shortest figure that can be constructed between two given points; this is codified as Rule (‘Postulate’) #1: “there is only one line between any two points”. Surprisingly, Jacobs only introduces the ‘circle’ in chapter 12, after nearly 500 pages clearly exploring straight-line figures (mainly triangles). Even this powerful new idea has its limitations (well-known to the Greek experts), when its slightly distorted cousin – the ellipse still resists many of the simple results quickly discovered with the circle; so much so that it is only being studied today by future geometry students but shown by Newton to describe planetary trajectories. 5.1.2.2.2 IRRATIONALS Ironically, there was a deadly worm in this impressive ‘fruit’. One of Pythagoras’s early cult followers showed that his Master’s theorem could be used to prove that there were many examples of theoretical right-angled triangles where the length of the hypotenuse could not be made equal to the ratio of two integers (a ‘number’ called a ‘rational fraction’). This initial realization was first kept a secret but it was sufficient to break up this new religious sect but it failed to deter Plato from his geometric mania. None the less, it has remained a stumbling block, even for modern science, where there are no natural units for the real measurements of length (space), time (matter) or mass (existence) – all arbitrary. Pythagoras’s dangerous flaw was sufficient to keep Geometry separated from Arithmetic for 2000 years until one of history’s most creative mathematicians, René Descartes [§4.2.2.1] realized his mentor’s new idea of decimal fractions could be extended to an infinite number of digits to both represent rational fractions and to build a ‘bridge’ from Algebra (generalized arithmetic) to spatial Geometry. With a superb touch of salesmanship, Descartes called his new representation: ‘Real Numbers’ and the Number concept was freed from its roots in empirical arithmetic [see my essay “Not Real, René”]. 5.1.2.2.3 HIJACKING SCIENCE The history of mathematics (and our modern approach to learning this subject) shows that this body of theory (whether geometry or arithmetic) is a system of knowledge that is best understood cumulatively where newer concepts were invented from earlier ones. Failure with prior steps (through poor teaching) will negatively impact further progress. In fact, there have only been four mathematical Giants in the history of mathematics that have made significant innovations; they are (along with their birth year): Archimedes [c. 212 BC], Newton [1643], Euler [1707] and Gauss [1777]. Although there is no explicit conspiracy, it cannot be denied that mathematicians have been successful in positioning their skill set at the forefront of western civilization, with their profession proudly boasting that this is still “the Queen of the Sciences.” They imply priority over their close cousins in theoretical physics and have infested many academic disciplines, like Economics, while achieving their greatest cultural success in convincing that an area of study can only be viewed as “scientific” if it incorporates mathematics. Science is a very competitive (even cut-throat) activity: researchers need to publish regularly to keep their careers alive, even to the point where even tenured professors have committed scientific fraud. As I know, most of these men are competitive, most driven, even avaricious and aggressive. 11 11 5.2 BIOLOGY Biology is the study of life forms (or living systems). Microscopes can show that all these are known to be based on cells; unfortunately, life processes - including our vital immune systems have shown that we are continuously facing threats that are even smaller: single-celled bacteria, fungi and parasites. People, like Pasteur, pioneered vaccines against some of these pathogens and could never prove the existence of bacteria. The latest high-technology (electron microscopes) can now examine solid, fixed objects and sometimes can take micro-photographs; so the existence of bacteria has been confirmed visually [and "seeing is believing" - right?] so 'Germ Theory' is universally accepted. Viruses are often the same size as molecules so these are even more difficult to prove that they physically exist; viruses are a thousand times smaller and cannot be electronphotographed even using high-energy electrons. Their presence is implied by the diseases they cause but are very difficult to identify when several similar ones can produce the same disease symptoms. Antibodies are even smaller, so the challenge is to prove that a certain antibody derives uniquely from specific viruses; a necessary step in making a vaccine [see Immunity §5.2.4]. Biology, in the Middle Ages and later, was viewed using the traditional thinking of ancient philosophy; in terms of Objects (Anatomy), Physical Activity (Physiology) and finally the system's central control and knowledge (Neurology). 5.2.1 ANATOMY When the religious prohibitions were bypassed, smart investigators started studying the inner structure of (dead) bodies and quickly identified the major organs, such as heart, lungs, etc. - even though their functions and interconnections were not initially realized [see Organs essay]. The analytic method was usually followed to view larger components in terms of their smaller parts; ultimately, down to the level of single cells. 5.2.2 PHYSIOLOGY My Organs essay illustrates the value of adopting a systemic approach to studying living systems. This shows that sub-systems may be viewed from an overall perspective (global), where useful activity benefits the whole organism, like homeostatic temperature control. At a more detailed level, critical organs play a vital part in keeping the organism alive, such as the blood circulation system that brings vital oxygen and other nutrients to every cell in the body but also removes unwanted waste (like carbon dioxide) away for eventual expulsion. 5.2.3 NEUROLOGY Each living entity must also react to certain changes in its external environment. This needs a continuous and an ongoing exchange of information to the central control system, that must make vital (global) decisions on behalf of the whole organism. This involves complex, two-way linkages throughout the body using electro-chemical signaling over the nervous system to the principal processing organ of the brain. This is vastly more complex than the largest, smartest computer ever built, as can be seen by the sophistication of single ant with its tiny brain. The most important feature in all information systems is the MEMORY system that must be able to recall earlier situations, to be compared with current ones, to avoid dangerous repetitions. This is so important that it deserved a whole essay on this topic itself. We will simply repeat here that in terms of verbal activity there is a huge and important difference at the individual level between personal memory of earlier experiences (known as biographical memory) and shared, cultural information stored as declarative memory. For the purposes of this essay, it is sufficient to point out that for too many people, these memories get entangled. 5.2.4 IMMUNITY Since organisms are open systems, whose ongoing existence is not guaranteed, there is always the possibility of external threats to each example (or entity). There is thus an existential need to defend against these threats (or diseases); this is the vital role of the immune system. In order to function correctly, an entity’s immune system must detect a wide variety of threat-agents, called pathogens; these may take many forms from viruses, through bacteria to parasitic organisms, such as worms; ultimately, these are all not like us ('non-self'). 12 12 In many cases, physical barriers prevent some pathogens (like viruses and bacteria) from entering the organism but if these barriers are breached then the innate immune system provides an immediate (but non-specific) response. A central feature of the immune system is to recognize foreign organisms, i.e. to know that they are non-self or not part of the principal entity. In going to every cell, blood plays a key role in the organism’s defense system. Many non-self molecules are antibody generators (antigens), which bind to specific immune receptors and generate an immune response. Advanced life forms, such as vertebrates, have also evolved adaptive immune systems, which can remember defeating previous examples of pathogens (using ‘signature’ antigens) so they respond even faster to repeated threats. These two immune systems in humans are described in detail in the two essays (Biowars 1&2). 5.2.4.1 BACTERIA Historically, humanity has been devastated more frequently and severely by bacteria - these have been the mass killers until the invention of antibiotics, especially by community-spread infections. The worst killers have been the plague, cholera, typhus and tuberculosis (TB) [their impact is described in the Infections essay]. 5.2.4.2 VIRUSES There has also been several diseases that we now know are caused by tiny biological packages called viruses. Their impact has not been as deadly as the bacterial diseases but they can be dangerous and contagious. The commonest viral threat has been smallpox caused by the Variola virus. A global eradication program has been very successful so that by its world-wide eradication was certified in 1980 and routine vaccinations had ceased in all countries by 1986. Polio was once a feared infection that has also been defeated by several vaccines [see Polio essay]. There have been small outbreaks in Africa of a severe viral hemorrhagic infection of primates caused by ebolaviruses, with six known species of Ebola named after the region where each was originally identified. This virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, like infected blood, saliva, tears, urine, semen or breast milk; or via items recently contaminated with bodily fluids; a new vaccine seems effective when used early enough. 5.3 MEDICINE Medical doctors have been revered in most societies because they can sometimes fix broken bodies and defeat infections. Sadly, these skills have too often been used to make money for the practitioners, so this became one of the oldest professions in Europe, with knowledge being passed down through families. Like many professions, doctors wished to maximize their incomes by licensing themselves; they have jealously resisted intrusions from medical specialists, such as midwives, chiropractors, herbalists and healers coming from other ancient cultures, such as China and India. In the 1920s, with the rise of the oil-based pharmaceutical manufacturers, western medical education (for the General Practitioner) has degenerated to becoming the 'retail division' of the drug companies, acting as the gate-keepers to the more powerful pharmaceutical products (like antibiotics) that are sold at the pharmacies. Since infections are now rare in modernized countries, most doctors have little or no personal experience with them: either in diagnosis or treatment; it is now mainly book knowledge. Governments have also been co-opted to enforce medical monopolies to the point where valuable health supplements cannot make scientific claims for their products because of the high costs of medical testing that the pharmaceutical companies can afford with their multi-billion profits. Authorities have also passed draconian laws to force behaviors on the public in the name of medicine; often offered by medical officials with little first-hand knowledge and almost never referring to scientific research to justify their advice. 5.3.1 DISEASE A disease is an organic object that enters a body that produces a major reduction in health, known as an infection. So, an Infection is the presence in a human body of a dangerous pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses or other parasites capable of self-multiplying their numbers (replication) either within a human or inside another creature; here we exclude poisons, venoms and other toxic sources, like radiation, even when deadly [see my Death essay]. 13 13 Physicians have documented objective combination of distinguishing sets of conditions that indicate the presence of the disease in a person. Some signs are called 'pathognomic' because they indicate that a particular disease is uniquely present, beyond any reasonable doubt. Many are observable to anyone (once pointed out, like smallpox sores) but others require an instrument or special test. Some symptoms (like coughing and fever) may be quite ambiguous, produced by many sources of disease, manifesting simply as pneumonia. 6.0 INTERACTIONS It is more useful to agree with American psychologist, William James [1842-1910] and inventor, Buckminster Fuller [1895-1983], who both viewed consciousness as more like a verb, in fact – an active process, not a static noun. When our fundamental beliefs are grounded in the real world (Realism) with its self-activating, experiencing subjects, then our focus becomes truly based on ‘events’ and ‘relationships’ and not on separate objects or things; linguistically this again implies a focus on verbs and not the object/noun-concept focus of western philosophy. Incidentally, this is a widespread problem in our language going back to the Old Greeks, who took the easy road of analyzing nouns instead of verbs and relationships, made worse (even in Greek) by the many variants possible with most verbs compared to the few standard forms applicable to nouns. Key to this new vision is the foundational emphasis on the universal inter-relatedness of everything, where all ‘events’ are mutually co-creating. I interpret this as the necessity of interactions between anything and everything to qualify for real existence. 6.1 RELATIONSHIPS and ACTIVITY There is a need in western thinking to switch from simple objects (like stones) and static properties of separate things (size) to focus on interactions between complex systems (like humans), especially those that really need co-operation on behalf of the many and not the favored few. The pragmatic philosophy of Empiricism is based on the minimal level of understanding between people; most people can agree on the physical existence of things they can touch which are also visible under most conditions. These senses both rely on direct interaction between parts of our body and other real things "out there". Only magicians and bizarre philosophers rely on tricks to deceive the public. Indeed, normal people only go to see a doctor when they can directly feel sick: no symptoms have never been interpreted as evidence of an "asymptomatic" disease that relies on special tests only available to some technicians. 6.1.1 THE ELECTRON Even physicists need an injection of Common-Sense; instead of spending millions on huge machines to detect mysterious, ephemeral objects smaller than an atomic nucleus and then guess that they have detected bizarre new 'fundamental' particles, like quarks or Higgs bosons, they need to return to the real world of electrons that have proved their reality everyday at the hands of millions. Indeed, my own theory of ultimate reality only relies on these well-known particles that only possess one simple property: they interact with each other. So, they become a sufficient 'brick' to construct the world, up to and including everyday objects, like us. 7.0 MODERNITY The First World War (1914-1918) 'birthed' the modern world in Europe and also 'killed' Religion that had been in embarrassing rivalry with science since the 1860s, especially after Darwin's book on Natural Evolution. This war accelerated the introduction of new technology, such as the automobile and electronics, with its widespread usage of the radio that had a huge impact on mass communications and politics. The growing economic and political problems, along with the further decline in religion led to a growing switch to science as providing the ultimate explanations of the world, rather than religion. These trends were massively expanded by the Second World War (1939-1945). Wartime research led to major advances in electronics, resulting in the replacement of radio by television and the computer. The radical innovations in Solid State physics (my own speciality) led to the Digital Technology Revolution that transformed society, especially in Social Media and emails. 14 14 7.1 MASS SOCIETY Mass societies only appeared once humans started living in big cities; these types of society have always been ruled by a few powerful families that have tried to monopolize the benefits for themselves. They have always been able to recruit a few violent men to threaten the many to accept the situation by conforming to the Rules ("Laws") of the Rulers. Just surviving has been a sufficient challenge for most people who took their guidance from their neighbors until conditions became too desperate and rebellion broke out. Pressure from the many eventually led to a political system, where the Rulers had to seek the approval of the majority (at least periodically) through a small group of clever talkers (known as politicians): "Representative Democracy". 7.2 EDUCATION In the West (until 1945), only a few sons of the successful were ever given formal education, after Plato established his own school as a model for propagating formal knowledge of mathematics and grammar to a few. 7.2.1 BASIC (3Rs) As machines took over the muscle work of millions, fewer people were needed to feed and service the population, so more people could be hired as talkers to 'manage' the institutions of society. This finally required that all children be instructed in the once-specialized skills of reading, writing and arithmetic (the 3R's); education paid for out of general taxation. Bismarck (the first to implement this scheme) hoped it would make his men better soldiers for his Prussian Army; the rapid defeat of the French in 1870 persuaded many nations to follow his lead. Finally, females were also educated so they could read the advertisements for the myriad of new products being mass-produced in the factories; eventually, they too could be persuaded to seek full-time work out of the home, often for lower wages than the men; further reducing overall payroll costs. A minority are still learning a trade as an apprentice with an earlier master of the trade but even here formal knowledge is expected. None-the-less, as everyone becomes a specialist, there is a growing need to rely on experts for too many activities in the world. 7.2.2 UNIVERSITY As science has grown in significance in the modern world, we have seen an explosion in formal education where young people need tertiary learning to gain employment. The many people (more than 50%) that go to university (for financial reasons) have exhibited adequate memories and the ability to "toe-the-line" but the technical (STEM) minority (Science, Tech, Engineering and Math) are trained in the latest technologies (that will be obsolete in 15 years) and rarely in creative thinking, while the others will be trained to produce useless reports and adequate talking so they can be hired as Junior Executives in corporate and government bureaucracies, where they will fill their days unproductively in useless meetings and processing meaningless reports. They are the mass troops of the modern Technocracy [§7.5] that is attempting to take over the world. 7.2.1.1 MEDICAL SCIENCE (drugs) Since patents expire on patent-protected drugs that are the most profitable when shielded from competitors, there is an ongoing need to keep inventing new drugs, even when an old one works. When an independent researcher examined 107 published studies where comparisons were made against traditional therapies he found that in all cases, the new drug was always found superior to the old. Similarly, another retro-study found that 98% of studies funded by a drug's maker reached favorable safety and efficacy conclusions when compared to 76% of studies funded by independent sources. No matter, PR firms are hired to write articles promoting new drugs: these are then published under real doctors names for better authenticity. 7.3 EXPERTS In the present world, the following definition seems to apply to those we call an expert: "Someone whom the mass media might quote as a credible authority on some topic." We have to assume that the media are experts at identifying experts; since much of their audience is subject to Confirmation Bias in the Expert's topic. 15 15 Since the public were manipulated successfully in the World War I by newspapers and media events, these skills were first pioneered by clever men like Edward Bernays and described in his infamous book "Propaganda" (1928) that was adopted wholesale by Hitler's genius of misinformation, Joseph Goebbels. So much so, that Bernays had to rename his technique (and his book) 'Public Relations' (PR). Corporations (and their richest owners) are so convinced of the power of Third-Party experts to influence the public they have established and funded non-profit organizations called Think-Tanks (or 'policy institutes') that perform research and advocacy: concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military aims, technology and culture. They are usually located in a nation's capital city and usually hire intellectuals from universities, the military, large corporations and even government itself. TV 'News' channels desperately depend on them. The latest group to have surfaced on TV call themselves "Infectious Disease Specialists", since there are almost no deadly infectious viral diseases in advanced countries, one has to wonder where they got their expertise? 7.4 COMMUNICATIONS The news media is a natural target for the PR industry's third-party technique, both because of its ability to reach millions of people and because the public expects journalists to serve as neutral filters of the truth. The PR experts, often prior journalists themselves, know that most reporters are spread too thin to engage in timeconsuming investigative journalism, thereby eagerly accepting information from corporate- and governmentsourced news releases. It is now even worse with TV news: "most of what you see on TV news is a canned PR product" (called video news releases or VNRs), confessed a senior vice president of a leading PR firm. VNRs are entire news stories, written, filmed, produced by PR firms and transmitted to thousands of TV stations around the world. They are used very heavily by the pharmaceutical and food industries, providing a steady stream of stories touting new medical breakthroughs and previously unknown health benefits for products often shown to be narrated by well-coached doctors: almost never do these stories admit the PR origins or the corporations funding these releases. Academic experts are always being interviewed without any effort to determine if they receive any corporate funding. Are their opinions truly representative of their profession or academic colleagues. As one former journalist, publisher and media watchdog confessed: "When it comes to arrogance, power and lack of accountability, journalists are probably the only group to make lawyers look good." Journalists have an ongoing career pressure to traffic in provocative, claims so as to maximize eyeballs. 7.4.1 TELEVISION One consequence is that mass media becomes the source of most of the assumptions we live with, on a day-today basis. It is no surprise that those selling a product or seeking our support (corporations and politicians) turn to this advertising / public-relations drenched medium that exploits the human bias to the visual sense. Advertisers recognize the power of TV to influence viewers; they spend millions trying to get customers to buy their products. Since vision is our primary sense, most people will believe much of what they first see on TV: so when we saw the planes crashing into the Twin Towers on 9/11, then most accepted it as a fact, rather than possibly computer generated imagery (CGI) that is used so effectively in the movies. Politicians also recognize the power of TV and now spend most of their political advertising dollars on this medium. Some American TV channels (targeted at older viewers) appear to have a large number of advertisements about new drugs, designed for serious medical conditions; either many Americans are truly unhealthy or they are a nation of hypochondriacs (I suspect both). 7.5 TECHNOCRACY 7.5.1 ADDICTION The western world's love affaire with technology has created its own Frankenstein Monster: digital technology. We now know how to mass manufacture devices built around dirt-cheap digital semiconductors, like cell phones; worse, we can create new software ("Apps") that can generate billions on the cheap Web infrastructure. These devices and their productions induce the same levels of neural addiction as opioid drugs in many people. 16 16 Very many adults have been reduced to the level of children as they spend much of their time hypnotized by their electronic games and video phones. The marketers of these devices have hired expert psychologists to improve the addictive features of their services to deliver more 'eye-balls' to their rich advertisers. 7.5.2 MANIPULATION Social scientists have also been recruited by both commercial and political interests to manipulate large numbers of the general public. Television has played a key role in getting beliefs inserted into the heads of many, whether educated or not: first suggestions stick. They realize that when a significant fraction of a population agree on a belief then it becomes self-expanding using the power of group-psychology. 7.5.3 TECHNOCRATS A new political movement arose in the United States in the 1930s that has exploded recently and now threatens political democracy. This is the capture of society by self-identified Experts who believe in the ideology of technology; important segments of today's expanding bureaucracy are now run by technologists. They make political decrees based on unsubstantiated claims as being based on science and the bogus science of economics: appealing to claimed "efficiencies" and "the public good". This ideology has been cultivated with implicit appeals to the beneficiaries of 'higher' education; offering promotions and higher salaries to those adherents to their views. These dangerous individuals, who believe in authoritarian techniques, now occupy many of the senior posts in government, large corporations, universities and the mass media. They view society as simple systems that can be 'optimized' with direct engineering-type decisions. A few very wealthy businessmen, members of the World Economic Forum (meeting annually in Davos, Switzerland) have allied themselves with this movement to preserve their own capital and privileges. 8.0 COLLAPSE The Covid-19 epidemic ['Covid'] has swept most countries around the world in 2020 since the first outbreak appeared in Wuhan, China in December, 2019. It is widely believed by medical experts to be a variant of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (designated as SARS-CoV-2). This was redefined as a 'global pandemic' in March by the World Health Organization (WHO). The coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that produce diseases in a few mammals and birds. Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis. It is thought there may exist seven distinct strains of human coronaviruses, with Covid being one of them. In 2003, there was an outbreak of SARS that infected 8,000 people with about 800 deaths. Common symptoms of Covid include fever, fatigue, shortness of breath (dyspnea); complications sometimes extend to pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS or extreme dyspnea). 8.1 COVID-19 The world is now believed to be facing the latest "epidemic" of a respiratory disease that is accelerating the death of old people (and a handful of younger ones) who all have compromised immune systems and often other medical conditions (co-morbidities) forcing them to go to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in hospitals, where they can get help with breathing (oxygen and intubation/ventilators). The widespread fear of the supposed source of this threat - the Corona-19 virus - is driving many into the ICUs (in panic) that is overloading a system that has been massively under-resourced (and under-funded) for many years. This situation is made worse by the modern practice of packaging seniors into so-called "Care" Homes, where they maximize their exposure to other sick people: an approach guaranteed to increase infections [see my Infections essay]. With the immune system, humans are facing a level of biological complexity which we have almost no prior experience. As described above [§5.2.4.2], it is very difficult to do research on viruses; in fact, most research is conducted in top-secret, ultra-secure bioweapons laboratories by several nations around the world. None-the-less, many governments are being given medical advice about this viral threat by Public Health Experts, who often have very limited experience with viral epidemics. 17 17 Meanwhile, epidemiologists frighten everyone with their medical mathematical models, not based on reality or experience, that can produce the wildest swings in "predictive" deaths; these models cannot be audited or examined by outsiders, but governments are making major social policy decisions based on their imaginary numbers. No one ever comments on the huge failures in prediction of these masters of mathematical fantasy. 8.2 COVID-DISCOVERY There is an urgent scientific need to prove the existence of the covid-19 virus. I searched the Internet for this discovery in vain and have even issued a public challenge on Research-Gate (the 'Facebook' for scientists) but received no definitive response. Surprisingly, I only got one positive result by an RG biochemist who offered links to two papers on its genetic structure. I was a astonished to see that these were investigations into SARScov-2. It seems that the Experts have decided not to refer to this earlier respiratory threat (SARS), that emerged in 2002 and was defeated by 2004, by its original name. Either there really is a difference in the genome (How? Who?) or they felt a New Threat would be more fearful but there is no public discussion of this link. A Wiki search on "Who discovered Covid-19?" only comes up with a link to a paper by June Almeida, a self-educated virologist, who became an innovative electron-microscopist. She authored a paper in 1967 with A. J. Tyrell in volume I of the General Journal of Virology [p.175] that showed the course structure of the first Corona virus (the Common Cold); noting its similarity to the flu virus and that of Avian Bronchitis. Why this technique has NOT been used since to show the structure of Covid-19 seems a mystery. TV continues to show CGI graphics of an imaginary Covid virus. Worse, there appears to have been NO confirmation of the discovery of Covid-19 in any refereed Science Journal, only press releases about a Chinese doctor in Wuhan reporting a "new" disease to her government (how did she know it was new disease - no details given). This suggests that if this ever happened, then it was in a government Top-Secret Weapons laboratory that is under strict National Security guidelines. None-the-less, NO reputable research-virologists have ever come forth pointing out this serious omission: very suspicious. 8.3 COVID-TESTS Much of the widespread panic was engendered by the very poor testing of this little known virus. The initial tests of any DNA/RNA were based on the PCR method that multiplies the results based on the arbitrary number of replications used; even the Nobel-Prize discoverer of this test advised strongly against it being used as a viral identifier after the CDC's bogus claim of identifying HIV as the cause of the AIDS syndrome. Worse, there were no 'Double-Blind' independent evaluations ever made on these hastily produced test-kits from many new companies that were jumping on this very, profitable opportunity. Unfortunately, the media were reporting on the results every day, as if this were an international competition. The "positive" cases, at best, perhaps indicated that a person may have been exposed to some (unknown) virus earlier in their lives, so still had active antibodies in their blood. It was never shown scientifically that these 'possibilities' could actually produce serious infections in healthy people. Still, the 'Case-Numbers' climbed into the hundreds of thousands with unknown numbers of 'False Positives'. 8.4 COVID-PRECAUTIONS Many medical officials (including the WHO and CDC) have panicked over Covid; they have reacted through ignorance, as if it were Ebola or Plague that could spread rapidly and kill thousands (encouraged by inappropriate and silly mathematical epidemic models). Without any scientific evidence of how Covid spreads between humans, some self-styled "experts" have pushed for social gimmicks such as masks and social distancing that have destroyed human sociability while being readily adopted by the ignorant TV Media and general public, as if these were the latest seasonal fashions. Much worse, never, in human history have total populations been made to stop work; there have been only a few instances when some people voluntarily withdrew from others but not by government decree, reinforced by harsh legal penalties and public shaming. 18 18 What is astonishing is how readily so many people put themselves under "House-Arrest" without massive public protests of this Draconian decree. In Canada, public officials have decided that many jobs and services are "non-essential" and made to close down, while ignoring the fact that 85% of workers are employed in small companies with less than 20 employees. Meanwhile, the largest corporations continue in full production and mass-selling directly to the public over the Web, devouring the GNP lost by the small businesses. 8.5 COVID: OVER-REACTION As the weeks went by, it became obvious that the vast majority of victims of this situation were older people, who were often over 80 years old and some in their 90s. Many of them had been heavy smokers and also were suffering from other diseases, prior to hospital admissions; medically their deaths are called 'co-morbidities'. The medical experts knew that such people have a very large reduction in the capacity of their personal immune system to keep them healthy - this is why they are the largest demographic users of hospitals in normal times and especially in the annual influenza outbreaks. All this was worsened, by the modern custom of moving older parents away from their families and concentrating them in so-called 'Care' Homes, often in communal sleeping and eating arrangements: a guarantee of shared pathogens. Only a few people under 70 died after going into the Covid-ICUs and were instantly 'labeled' as Covid-Deaths, without any scientific autopsies. Stories circulated that some hospitals were writing 'Covid' as the Cause-of-Death on all death certificates during this time. In other words, the statistics being used to make decisions during this panic were deeply unreliable and suspect. Suspiciously, health authorities have not shown any dramatic increases in total deaths from all causes during this time, suggesting that many so-called "Covid-deaths" are misdiagnoses. Thus, we must limit this infection to one where the victim must seek hospital care, without which they will die. Only deaths are objective facts but Cause-of-Death (CoD) cannot be trusted, as no autopsies are being done; only the nonlaboratory opinion of the final attending physician is needed and it seems some hospitals are insisting that any patient, who dies in their ICU after being a "positive case" must be classified as a Covid-death. Most corona deaths are found in old people (often from Care Homes); the difficulty here is that many are near death anyway and as NO autopsies are being conducted when they die in hospital then it becomes almost impossible to distinguish a death FROM (or WITH) Corona. Astonishingly, modern states do not allow 'Old-Age' as a valid CoD. 9.0 CONCLUSIONS 9.1 HUMAN SCALE With the rise of science in the 20th century, the focus of the technical experts has moved away from the human scale to both the very large (the Cosmos) and the ultra-small (atoms and smaller). Both of these regions are not accessible to normal human senses, so the general public must rely on experts to inform them about these superspecialized scales of reality. This is particularly true of medicine: where disease has been claimed to arise from objects, like viruses, that are vastly smaller than the bacteria we have mainly defeated as disease sources. This scale of reality is extremely difficult to investigate, requiring expensive equipment and laboratories to confirm replicable, scientific findings; especially when they are believed to be very dangerous and can be weaponized. 9.1.1 PRAGMATISM When viewing any disease threat to mankind, the ultimate measure is how deadly is the threat: this is best judged by the fraction of victims who die when infected by the disease. Deaths are also objective and difficult to cover up, so Death Statistics should be one of the easiest measures to determine. Now, people are dying all the time from a wide variety of threats, not least Old Age. So, when an epidemic has broken out then one of the easiest measures of lethality is to observe "Excess Deaths" (how many extra people are dying from the disease outbreak?). One of the unexplained mysteries with the Covid panic is how little change in Excess Deaths are being recorded, while numbers of so-called 'infections' are "sky-rocketing" (based on 'positive' testing). Our medical experts have failed to provide adequate explanations of this phenomenon to the general public. 19 19 9.2 CHALLENGING AUTHORITY Most humans live in cultures where conforming to authority is expected; as adults all of us have spent at least 10 years having our heads filled with information from approved authority figures (teachers); some of us showed a superior aptitude for remembering (and repeating back) this information, so we carried on for another 5 or even 10 more years of public education (that I now regard as advanced social brain-washing). The focus was on how emotions were being manipulated; unsurprisingly, they emphasized the deepest emotion - Fear - which is the easiest way to get people to overcome their moral inhibitions. Hitler's most sinister minister, Joseph Goebbels perfected the "Big Lie" (the bigger the lie, the more people will believe it). It has also been discovered that people are less outraged over risks that they voluntary assume than over risks that are imposed on them against their will: a technique we might call the "Coercion Effect". The News Media have been at the heart of this crisis: one would think we were facing a real war. News channels are filled with stories about Covid, experts (usually wearing their stethoscopes) are being asked for their opinions (without viewers being told why or offered evidence). Like real wars, media make lots of money when the public obsess on a single issue and now that professional sports are banned, there is a lot of air time to fill, with forgettable numbers. 9.2.1 LANGUAGE There is one obvious commonality of today's experts: they are all accomplished Talkers; able to speak up on their self-defined areas of expertise. We have become a Civilization of Chatterboxes: when not watching TV - with its continuous 'News' channels, we retreat to our 'Smart' phones to read more opinions. The world is far more complicated than most are prepared to admit; they want simple answers, without years of study: convenience is the modern value (disguising the widespread laziness that seems present in so many). If the world were simple, we would all have mastered it by the time we leave school or, at least, university. This should give us a Red Flag: if the advice seems too simple, then it probably is; so all need to keep searching. 9.2.2 THE ELECTRON & EMPIRICISM If our culture is to maintain its obsessions with analysis and science, then we must ground reality in the existence of the electron. This is a hypothesized tiny object that runs our civilization (so to deny its existence, would be contradictory) while it is the ultimate 'smallest' thing - other candidates, like quarks and strings etc. that have been hypothesized by mathematical physicists have only 'appeared' rarely in hugely expensive experiments that are still controversial [see Invisible Particles]. Dynamic collections of stable electrons can readily be imagined to come together to build all the matter we can perceive in the universe, including our own sense organs, resulting in a minimal level of wide-spread existence agreement on material reality. 9.2.3 ECONOMIC DESTRUCTION In fear of their under-funded health systems being 'swamped', many technocratic politicians have used so-called medical advice as a universal excuse for radical political action. They have imposed unproven restrictions on populations such as closing most small businesses (that employ the majority of the working people), confining people to their homes (in effect, House-Arrest) all in the name of a universal quarantine that would only be justified in terms of a deadly disease like the Plague, instead of a Corona virus that only causes bad colds. 9.3 WHO BENEFITS? Since the negative impacts to this exaggerated "disease" are so over-whelming, it must be viewed as verging on the criminal. As such, it is appropriate to ask the embarrassing (detective) question: Who Benefits? Little thought has been given to restoring the blocked economies that have usually taken many years to grow all over the world. I accuse the technocrats who have hijacked most nations. Most of these people have gotten a university education and believe they are the world's suitable elites: they have certificates to prove it and high salaries to cushion them from the ravages of threats to personal survival. Almost never have these talkers built a real business from the ground up; they are detached completely from economics and the real world. 20 20 9.3.1 OVER-POPULATION Many of the elite have been convinced that most of the problems facing the earth today can be traced to too many people - especially poor people, who keep having too many children, in distant parts of the planet like Africa, Asia and South America. If the economies in these regions are destroyed by the reduction in economic activity and tourism from the rich countries then their populations must shrink from the oldest scourge of mankind: starvation. Meanwhile, the Ultra-Rich can continue to grow their capital from a global reduction in payroll costs, computerization and drop in the price of needed commodities. 9.4 EXPECTATIONS The long-term trends of modernity have been hijacked by the technocrats and the meritocracy; when combined with the economic power of the billionaire plutocrats they make a formidable, political force across the world. As such, I expect them to be victorious and push Global Capitalism to the brink of widespread catastrophe. In spite of the naive hopes of the many, I do not expect any return to the world of 2018; so-called 'normalcy'. 9.5 EPILOGUE Sadly, the credulity of vast numbers of people exposed here mean that the world has taken a dangerous turn for the worse. As an animal species, we have prioritized speech over the direct sensory messages that all animals must respect to stay alive. The near universal fear of death messages, stoked by the TV media, repeating the falsehoods of the self-serving medical profession, have persuaded most people to comply with the empty "Health-Measures" (like masks and social-distancing) that reinforce the belief in a need to destroy the economy while awaiting the false hopes of a salvation vaccine promised by the deceitful pharmaceutical companies.,...)))....
INTRODUCCIÓN-RESUMEN ¡¡ :
13.000 palabras (20 páginas). RESUMEN Este es un ensayo diseñado para investigar cómo los humanos piensan y hablan sobre la realidad (o lo que existe). Está motivado por la confusión actual sobre la enfermedad, supuestamente producida por virus que pueden o no producir síntomas en los "infectados" con el virus Covid-19. Este análisis muestra que la mayoría de la gente creerá lo que sea que se origine con los expertos médicos y aceptará medidas políticas draconianas que están destruyendo sociedades en todo el mundo. Este ensayo investiga la naturaleza del conocimiento sobre el mundo que se refleja tanto en el sentido común como en la ciencia. Esto mostrará que la gente es mucho más sugestionable de lo que se pensaba, especialmente cuando la información se propaga visualmente por la televisión y por autoridades poderosas, especialmente cuando desencadena el miedo casi universal a la MUERTE personal.
1.0 RESUMEN A la mayoría de los adultos modernos les gusta pensar que ven el mundo usando solo la racionalidad, pero pronto se vuelve obvio que la mayor parte del pensamiento más profundo se basa solo en la CREENCIA con un esfuerzo mínimo para justificar estas ideas con evidencia objetiva. Estas ideas más profundas son mezclas personales de "hechos" comúnmente aceptados, pensamiento religioso y, a veces, un poco de ciencia. La siguiente lista de sustantivos en inglés ilustra la amplia variedad en la aceptación de su realidad:
UNICORNIOS, FANTASMAS, DIABLOS, ÁNGELES, PULGAS, CHINCHES, ÁTOMOS, ELECTRONES, FOTONES. Los términos posteriores (de átomos a fotones) son conceptos científicos modernos que incluso los científicos no están de acuerdo sobre la naturaleza de su verdadera realidad. Sin embargo, los primeros han tenido un historial accidentado de aceptabilidad. Pocos modernos creerían ya que los unicornios son reales, pero hace solo unos pocos cientos de años, la mayoría habría aceptado su realidad "en alguna parte". Los fantasmas han tenido una larga historia de aceptación por parte de muchas personas y todavía son considerados reales por muchos, aunque no pueden señalar ninguna evidencia firme. Los demonios y los ángeles todavía son vistos como igualmente reales por muchas personas de fe religiosa, y algunos aceptan el exorcismo por expulsarlos de un individuo 'poseído'. Los ángeles no se ven tan a menudo en estos días, pero la mayoría de los cristianos aún los aceptarían como reales. A pesar de que hoy en día pocos están malditos con chinches o pulgas, la mayoría estaría de acuerdo con los médicos y zoólogos en que son criaturas reales, aunque pocos han visto uno en un entorno desinfectado moderno. Este ensayo muestra que nuestro pensamiento confuso sobre la realidad está directamente relacionado tanto con el lenguaje como con la imaginación. Trágicamente, los Maestros del Lenguaje (conocidos como filósofos) han hecho un esfuerzo muy débil a lo largo de los siglos, ya que este estilo de pensamiento fue lanzado en griego antiguo y perpetuado por las universidades. Como científico y filósofo natural, formado durante toda una vida en el respeto de la evidencia de las decisiones y la acción, estoy profundamente decepcionado.
SITIO WEB DEL REVISOR Todos los ensayos anteriores del revisor (a los que se hace referencia en este documento) se pueden encontrar en: https://jamescook.academia.edu/HerbSpencer 2 2,...////......
ÚLTIMA PARTE :
9.3 ¿QUIÉN SE BENEFICIA? Dado que los impactos negativos de esta "enfermedad" exagerada son tan abrumadores, debe verse como algo cercano al criminal. Como tal, es apropiado hacer la pregunta embarazosa (detective): ¿Quién se beneficia? Se ha pensado poco en restaurar las economías bloqueadas que normalmente han tardado muchos años en crecer en todo el mundo. Acuso a los tecnócratas que se han apoderado de la mayoría de las naciones. La mayoría de estas personas han obtenido una educación universitaria y creen que son las élites adecuadas del mundo: tienen certificados que lo demuestran y altos salarios para protegerse de los estragos de las amenazas a la supervivencia personal. Casi nunca estos conversadores han construido un negocio real desde cero; están completamente desvinculados de la economía y del mundo real. 20 20
9.3.1 SOBREPOBLACIÓN Muchos miembros de la élite están convencidos de que la mayoría de los problemas que enfrenta la tierra hoy en día se pueden atribuir a demasiadas personas, especialmente a los pobres, que siguen teniendo demasiados hijos, en lugares distantes del planeta como África, Asia y América del Sur. Si las economías de estas regiones son destruidas por la reducción de la actividad económica y el turismo de los países ricos, entonces sus poblaciones deben retroceder ante el flagelo más antiguo de la humanidad: el hambre. Mientras tanto, los ultrarricos pueden seguir aumentando su capital a partir de una reducción global de los costos de nómina, la informatización y la caída del precio de los productos necesarios.
9.4 EXPECTATIVAS Las tendencias a largo plazo de la modernidad han sido secuestradas por los tecnócratas y la meritocracia; cuando se combinan con el poder económico de los plutócratas multimillonarios, forman una fuerza política formidable en todo el mundo. Como tal, espero que salgan victoriosos y lleven al capitalismo global al borde de una catástrofe generalizada. A pesar de las ingenuas esperanzas de muchos, no espero ningún regreso al mundo de 2018; la llamada "normalidad".
9.5 EPÍLOGO Lamentablemente, la credulidad de un gran número de personas expuestas aquí significa que el mundo ha dado un giro peligroso para peor. Como especie animal, hemos priorizado el habla sobre los mensajes sensoriales directos que todos los animales deben respetar para mantenerse con vida. Los mensajes casi universales de miedo a la muerte, avivados por los medios de televisión, repitiendo las falsedades de la profesión médica interesada, han persuadido a la mayoría de las personas a cumplir con las vacías "Medidas de salud" (como máscaras y distanciamiento social) que refuerzan la creencia en la necesidad de destruir la economía mientras se esperan las falsas esperanzas de una vacuna de salvación prometida por las engañosas compañías farmacéuticas., ...))) ....
EDITADO-PUBLICADO Y ESCRITO LO DE ARRIBA,... POR lukydemálaga.
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario